As pictures and videos surface showing young American soldiers humiliating and dehumanizing Iraqi prisoners, we, as a society, recoil in disgust and disbelief. Friends and family of those charged with such crimes, shake their heads in bewilderment and assure the world that the perpetrators are normal, caring, loving individuals without any prior sadistic or bullying traits.
As the picture of prisoner degradation develops, the only surprise is that we are surprised.
Where have the American people, the Military, the Security Agencies, the Administration, and the Media been hiding for the past 30 years?
Research in Social Psychology is rampant with experiments clearly demonstrating the impact of situational influence on behavior. From Zimbardo's famous prison experiments at Stanford University (1971) and Milgram's extensive body of work on obedience (the administration of electrical shock torture by non-pathological students (1974 and following), the dangers of placing untrained, well-meaning but na?ve individuals into a system where the cues of social acceptability have been perverted, has been shown to lead to exactly that behavior which the world has been watching over the past few months.
The killer children of Golding's Lord of the Flies, the torturers of the Inquisition, the Jew killers of Reserve Battalion 101 (Browning, 1993), are not inherently evil people, somehow different from you and I. They ARE us ? placed into an intolerable, stress-laden pressure cooker where daily norms no longer apply. Systematically, they are praised and rewarded for aberrant behaviors, pushed on the road to doom with a small first step, taught to dehumanize their victims in an atmosphere where responsibility is diffused, anonymity guaranteed, and the absolute need for obedience to gain the goal (information, safety of other soldiers, National Security) is demanded.
Under such extreme conditions, the behaviors exhibited by the Abu Ghraib MPs should have been completely expected. The Military and Governmental agencies involved have behavioral experts and 30 years of research at their fingertips. To anticipate what might occur, and to plan accordingly ? ensuring that supervision was relentless, prohibitions against improper behaviors were clear and unambiguous, training provided, and readily-accessed mechanisms provided for reports of questionable activity ? was the job of the Army, the Government, and the Administration, listening to their own psychological experts.
Courts-Martial of individual guards for their unacceptable and abhorrent behaviors are warranted to the extent that the individual always bears ultimate responsibility for their personal actions. However, the primary responsibility must fall on those who directed and developed a system almost guaranteed to produce those actions which have recently appalled all Americans and degraded our National image.
Not knowing the research, not reading long reports, not having the time to focus on a small area of an enormous task, does not excuse nor absolve of guilt. The top commanders are where the buck stops and where accountability truly lies.
Virginia Bola is a licensed clinical psychologist with deep interests in Social Psychology and politics. She has performed therapeutic services for more than 20 years and has studied the results of cultural forces and employment on the individual. She is the author of an interactive workbook, The Wolf at the Door: An Unemployment Survival Manual, and a monthly ezine, The worker's Edge. She can be reached at http://www.virginiabola.com
no-contract cleaning service Mundelein ..I hear it all the time; you can't say that.... Read More
As baby boomers, we have been spoiled all of our... Read More
If someone wanted to farm future clones they would need... Read More
Often we see protests at the sites of global leader... Read More
We are destroying our freedoms and slowing innovation, due to... Read More
-The Protocol plan 'will remain invisible until the moment when... Read More
Why did the California energy crisis happen? Who is to... Read More
As global warming continues to escalate the concerns of today's... Read More
Clint Eastwood recently plunged into the murky political pond with... Read More
The North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was implemented on January... Read More
There is something egregiously wrong about a government that will... Read More
Recently the CIA staged a practice simulation of a cyber... Read More
Freedom is in the eyes of the beholder. In Communist... Read More
I would like to discuss the blocked persons list of... Read More
With elections on the horizon and Blair looking tired and... Read More
Rufus King: (Said to be the fifth most important person... Read More
Heaven, Hell, or some sort of Purgatory.I cannot seem to... Read More
Many non-profit groups are feeling upset that they are allowed... Read More
It is amazing how the Federal Trade Commission has destroyed... Read More
Having been to every city in the country over the... Read More
The TSA seems to have completely missed the ball at... Read More
The most exciting event in Slovenia last week was when... Read More
Wealth Distribution is often discussed at length in periodicals such... Read More
In the last two weeks, two non-senior US officials indirectly... Read More
I just got done reading a series of articles dating... Read More
maid service near Glenview ..Capitalism as the social structure was founded in order to... Read More
Many are condemning the latest GM Terminator seeds. Yet there... Read More
The problem of poverty in America comes as a surprise.... Read More
We have seen an increase in Snowbirds from Northern States... Read More
IntroductionThe way one lyrist has written, "Hum logo ko samajh... Read More
How can any human being today, anywhere in this world,... Read More
There is nothing-absolutely nothing-insofar as political power when it is... Read More
Earlier this month, I heard President George W. Bush and... Read More
I have witnessed a new era of security in the... Read More
Many in the World Media are quick to judge the... Read More
Predicting the future is a tricky business. There have been... Read More
President George W. Bush has unofficially won his re-election bid... Read More
Any chances for a country to be ruled by alternative... Read More
Last year a Maryland State Legislator whom I presume never... Read More
I have to be honest. It is time to come... Read More
The recent Jakarta summit of Asia and Africa brought remembrance... Read More
As the death toll in the avalanche-hit Jammu and Kashmir... Read More
America is filled with standouts and perserverance; our nation has... Read More
With the world's largest oil and natural gas reserves, second... Read More
Many non-profit groups are feeling upset that they are allowed... Read More
This is the beginning of the end for the man... Read More
A governing.com report blast one of the major grassroots initiatives... Read More
While many Pennsylvanians are struggling to figure out how they... Read More
For years I have been amazed as I've listened to... Read More
All countries have specific things that are abundant in the... Read More
Political |